Part 1
Introduction and Conceptual Modeling

1 Databases and Database Users 3

• Introduction
• An Example
• Characteristics of the Database Approach
• Actors on the Scene
• Workers behind the Scene
• Advantages of Using the DBMS Approach
• A Brief History of Database Applications
• When Not to Use a DBMS
• Summary

2 Database System Concepts and Architecture

• 2.1 Data Models, Schemas, and Instances
• 2.2 Three-Schema Architecture and Data Independence
• 2,3 Database Languages and Interfaces
• 2.4 The Database System Environment
• 2.5 Centralized and Client/Server Architectures for DBMSs
• 2.6 Classification of Database Management Systems
• 2.7 Summary

3 Data Modeling Using the Entity-Relationship (ER) Model

• 3.1 Using High-Level Conceptual Data Models for Database Design
• 3.2 An Example Database Application
• 3.3 Entity Types, Entity Sets, Attributes, and Keys
• 3.4 Relationship Types, Relationship Sets, Roles, and Structural Constraints
• 3.5 Weak Entity Types
• 3.6 Refining the ER Design for the COMPANY Database
• 3.7 ER Diagrams, Naming Conventions, and Design Issues
• 3.8 Example of Other Notation: UML Class Diagrams
• 3.9 Relationship Types of Degree Higher Than Two
• 3.10 Summary

4 The Enhanced Entity-Relationship (EER) Model 103

• 4.1 Subclasses, Superclasses, and Inheritance
• 4.2 Specialization and Generalization
• 4.3 Constraints and Characteristics of Specialization and Generalization Hierarchies
• 4.4 Modeling of UNION Types Using Categories
• 4.5 An Example UNIVERSITY EER Schema, Design Choices, and Formal Definitions
• 4.6 Example of Other Notation: Representing Specialization and Generalization in UML Class Diagrams
• 4.7 Data Abstraction, Knowledge Representation, and Ontology Concepts

Part 2
Relational Model: Concepts, Constraints, Languages, Design, and Programming

5 The Relational Data Model and Relational Database Constraints

• 5.1 Relational Model Concepts
• 5.2 Relational Model Constraints and Relational Database Schemas
• 5.3 Update Operations, Tranactions, and Dealing with Constraint Violations

6 The Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus

• 6 I Unary Relational Operations: SELECT and PROJECT 175 6.2 Relatr:ohal Algebra Operations (rem Set Theory /80 6.3 Binary Relational Operations: JOIN and DIVISION
• 6.4 Additional Relational Operations
• 6.5 Examples of Queries in Relational Algebra
• 6.6 The Tuple Relational Calculus
• 6.7 The Domain Relational Calculus
• 6.8 Summary

7 Relational Database Design by ER-and EER-to-Relational Mapping

• 7.1 Relational Database Design Using ER-to-Relational Mapping
• 7.2 Mapping EER Model Constructs to Relations

8 SQL-99: Schema Definition, Constraints,
Queries, and Views 243

• 8.1 SQL Data Definition and Data Types
• 8.2 Specifying Constraints in SQL
• 8.3 Schema Change Statements in SQL
• 8.4 Basic Queries in SQL
• 8.5 More Complex SQL Queries
• 8.6 INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE Statements in SQL
• 8.7 Specifying Constraints as Assertions and Triggers
• 8.8 Views (Virtual Tables) in SQL
• 8.9 Additional Features of SQL
• 8.10 Summary

9 Introduction to SQL Programming Techniques 301

• 9.1 Database Programming: Issues and Techniques
• 9.2 Embedded SQL, Dynamic SQL, and SQLJ
• 9.3 Database Programming with Function Calls: SQL/CLI and JDBC
• 9.4 Database Stored Procedures and SQL/PSM
• 9.5 Summary

Part 3
Database Design Theory and Methodology ft

10 Functional Dependencies and Normalization for Relational Databases

• 10.1 Informal Design Guidelines for Relation Schemas
• 10.2 Functional Dependencies
• 10.3 Normal Forms Based on Primary Keys
• 10.4 General Definitions of Second and Third Normal Forms
• 10.5 Boyce-Codd Normal Form
• 10.6 Summary

11 Relational Database Design Algorithms and Further Dependencies 381

• 11.1 Properties of Relational Decompositions
• 11.2 Algorithms for Relational Database Schema Design
• 11.3 Multivalued Dependencies and Fourth Normal Form
• 11.4 Join Dependencies and Fifth Normal Form
• 11.5 Inclusion Dependencies
• 11.6 Other Dependencies and Normal Forms
• 11.7 Summary

12 Practical Database Design Methodology and Use of UML Diagrams 415

• 12.1 The Role of Information Systems in Organizations
• 12.2 The Database Design and Implementation Process
• 12.3 Use of UML Diagrams As an Aid to Database Design Specification
• 12.4 Rational Rose, a UML-Based Design Tool
• 12.5 Automated Database Design Tools
• 12.6 Summary

Part 4
Data Storage, Indexing, Query Processing, and Physical Design

13 Disk Storage, Basic File Structures, and Hashing 465

• 13.1 Introduction
• 13.2 Secondary Storage Devices
• 13.3 Buffering of Blocks
• 13.4 Placing File Records on Disk
• 13.5 Operations on Files
• 13.6 Files of Unordered Records (Heap Files)
• 13.7 Files of Ordered Records (Sorted Files)
• 13.8 Hashing Techniques
• 13.9 Other Primary File Organizations
• 13.10 Parallelizing Disk Access Using RAID Technology
• 13.11 New Storage Systems
• 13.12 Summary

14 Indexing Structures for Files

• 14.1 Types of Single-Level Ordered Indexes
• 14.2 Multilevel Indexes
• 14.3 Dynamic Multilevel Indexes Using B-Trees and B*-Trees
• 14.4 Indexes on Multiple Keys
• 14.5 Other Types of Indexes

15 Algorithms for Query Processing and Optimization

• 15.1 Translating SQL Queries into Relational Algebra
• 15.2 Algorithms for External Sorting
• 15.3 Algorithms for SELECT and JOIN Operations
• 15.4 Algorithms for PROJECT and Set Operations
• 15.5 Implementing Aggregate Operations and OUTER JOINS
• 15.6 Combining Operations Using Pipelining
• 15.7 Using Heuristics in Query Optimization
• 15.8 Using Selectivity and Cost Estimates in Query Optimization
• 15.9 Overview of Query Optimization in Oracle
• 15.10 Semantic Query Optimization
• 15.11 Summary

16 Physical Database Design and Tuning

• 16.1 Physical Database Design in Relational Databases
• 16.2 An Overview of Database Tuning in Relational Systems
• 16.3 Summary

Part 5
Transaction Processing Concepts

17 Introduction to Transaction Processing Concepts and Theory 611

• 17.1 Introduction to Transaction Processing
• 17.2 Transaction and System Concepts
• 17.3 Desirable Properties of Transactions
• 17.4 Characterizing Schedules Based on Recoverability
• 17.5 Characterizing Schedules Based on Serializability
• 17.6 Transaction Support in SQL
• 17.7 Summary

18 Concurrency Control Techniques

• 18.1 Two-Phase Locking Techniques for Concurrency Control
• 18.2 Concurrency Control Based on Timestamp Ordering
• 18.3 Multiversion Concurrency Control Techniques
• 18.4 Validation (Optimistic) Concurrency Control Techniques
• 18.5 Granularity of Data Items and Multiple Granularity Locking
• 18.6 Using Locks for Concurrency Control in Indexes
• 18.7 Other Concurrency Control Issues
• 18.8 Summary

19 Database Recovery Techniques

• 19.1 Recovery Concepts
• 19.2 Recovery Techniques Based on Deferred Update
• 19.3 Recovery Techniques Based on Immediate Update
• 19.4 Shadow Paging
• 19.5 The ARIES Recovery Algorithm
• 19.6 Recovery in Multidatabase Systems
• 19.7 Database Backup and Recovery from Catastrophic Failures
• 19.8 Summary

Part 6
Object and Object-Relational Databases

20 Concepts for Object Databases 701

• 20.1 Overview of Object-Oriented Concepts
• 20.2 Object Identity, Object Structure, and Type Constructors
• 20.3 Encapsulation of Operations, Methods, and Persistence
• 20.4 Type and Class Hierarchies and Inheritance
• 20.5 Complex Objects
• 20.6 Other Object-Oriented Concepts
• 20.7 Summary

21 Object Database Standards, Languages, and Design

• 21.1 Overview of the Object Model of ODMG
• 21.2 The Object Definition Language ODL
• 21.3 The Object Query Language OQL
• 21.4 Overview of the C++ Language Binding
• 21.5 Object Database Conceptual Design
• 21.6 Summary

22 Object-Relational and Extended-Relational Systems 765

• 22.1 Overview of SQL and Its Object-Relational Features
• 22.2 Evolution of Data Models and Current Trends of Database Technology
• 22.3 The Informix Universal Server
• 22.4 Object-Relational Features of Oracle 8
• 22.5 Implementation and Related Issues for Extended Type Systems
• 22.6 The Nested Relational Model
• 22.7 Summary

part 7
Further Topics: Security, Advanced Modeling, and Distribution

23 Database Security

• 23.1 Introduction to Database Security Issues
• 23.2 Discretionary Access Control Based on Granting and Revoking Privileges
• 23.3 Mandatory Access Control and Role-Based Access Control for Multilevel Security
• 23.4 Introduction to Statistical Database Security
• 23.5 Introduction to Flow Control
• 23.6 Encryption and Public Key Infrastructures
• 23.7 Privacy Issues and Preservation
• 23.8 Challenges of Database Security
• 23.9 Summary

24 Enhanced Data Models for Advanced Applications

• 24.1 Active Database Concepts and Triggers
• 24.2 Temporal Database Concepts
• 24.3 Spatial and Multimedia Databases
• 24.4 Introduction to Deductive Databases
• 24.5 Summary

25 Distributed Databases and Client-Server
Architectures

• 25.1 Distributed Database Concepts
• 25.2 Data Fragmentation, Replication, and Allocation Techniques for Distributed Database Design
• 25.3 Types of Distributed Database Systems
• 25.4 Query Processing in Distributed Databases
• 25.5 Overview of Concurrency Control and Recovery in Distributed Databases
• 25.6 An Overview of 3-Tier Client-Server Architecture
• 25.7 Distributed Databases in Oracle
• 25.8 Summary 906

Part 8
Emerging Technologies

26 Web Database Programming Using PHP 915

• 26.1 Structured, Semistructured, and Unstructured Data
• 26.2 A Simple PHP Example
• 26.3 Overview of Basic Features of PHP
• 26.4 Overview of PHP Database Programming
• 26.5 Summary

27 XML: Extensible Markup Language 939

• 27.1 XML Hierarchical (Tree) Data Model
• 27.2 XML Documents, DTD, and XML Schema
• 27.3 XML Documents and Databases
• 27.4 XML Querying
• 27.5 Summary 959

28 Data Mining Concepts 963

• 28.1 Overview of Data Mining Technology
• 28.2 Association Rules
• 28.3 Classification
• 28.4 Clustering
• 28.5 Approaches to Other Data Mining Problems
• 28.6 Applications of Data Mining
• 28.7 Commercial Data Mining Tools
• 28.8 Summary

29 Overview of Data Warehousing and OLAP 995

• 29.1 Introduction, Definitions, and Terminology
• 29.2 Characteristics of Data Warehouses
• 29.3 Data Modeling for Data Warehouses
• 29.4 Building a Data Warehouse
• 29.5 Typical Functionality of a Data Warehouse
• 29.6 Data Warehouse versus Views
• 29.7 Problems and Open Issues in Data Warehouses
• 29.8 Summary
• Review Questions
• Selected Bibliography

30 Emerging Database Technologies and Applications

• 30.1 Mobile Databases
• 30.2 Multimedia Databases
• 30.3 Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
• 30.4 Genome Data Management Selected Bibliography Credits